Chameleons alter their color by spreading or clustering pigment granules, known as melanophore cells, within their skin. Typically, the animal appears lighter when the pigment is concentrated and darker when the pigment is more widely dispersed throughout the cells. A chameleon’s color at any moment is influenced by a complex mix of hormones, temperature, and the autonomic nervous system. Environmental factors such as light and temperature, as well as emotional states like fear or the excitement of winning or losing a confrontation with another chameleon, also play a role in color changes.
Many chameleons can display shades of green, yellow, cream, or dark brown, often accompanied by lighter or darker spots on the main body color. Males frequently show the most vibrant and intricate color patterns during mating, sometimes appearing so vivid that it is difficult to see any obvious natural function. Contrary to popular belief, chameleons do not primarily change their color to blend with their surroundings.
